I think you mix up the two topics "SEO" and "Caching".

Case 1 (browser caching with scaled images):

For browser caching the hashed filename is enough (logo_86ebcdde02.jpg). If the file changes the hash also changes (as I understand) and a browser will pick up the new file. If the file with the old hash is not available anymore the browser receives a 404 - which is correct as the image changed and the old one is not available anymore. This should be no issue for the website, as after clearing the frontend cache the old images shouldn't referenced anymore.

Case 2 (browser caching with original image embedded into site):

If the image is embedded into the website with its original dimensions (and hence the original filename is used without a cache buster), I agree, this could be an issue for browser caching when using long-living cache headers, but not for SEO. For SEO this is ideal, as the content changed but not the file name.

Case 3 (SEO crawling/indexing):

For search engines a filename with a hash (logo_86ebcdde02.jpg and logo_abcdef12345.jpg) in the name is a different URL. But that's also true when you have the file with a query string like logo.jpg?1234 and logo.jpg?9876. For a search engine they are two files under different URLs (but with same content then) - I assume they recognise the duplicate content and deduplicate it in their index. This is getting worse when you change often the file. But I am not so much into image SEO and how duplicate content is in issue there - and as a canonical URL for the main URL is not available as I assume by default (it can be added though to the HTTP header, but this would be then another story).

But the same content is also true for different sizes of the same image. They only differ in the size, not in the content of the image (content is the way what is seen on the image).

Would it be a way to redirect (301/307) to the new "hashed" image files like HTML URLs when someone cares much about image SEO? This is a clean way without cluttering the search index with the same image over and over again. I assume this may be possible with a custom PSR-14 event which generates automatically the redirects (some of https://docs.typo3.org/m/typo3/reference-coreapi/11.5/en-us/Events/Events/Core/Resource/Index.html may be appropriate).