TYPO3 Core

Simple testing:

Make a clean installations and create a template like this:

page = PAGE
page.10 < styles.content.get

per default css_styled_content and fluid_styled_content are installed (verify in EM).

now create a page and add a Text/Media element.
Add an image, save it and go to the frontend.

The image should be visible.

Now deinstall css_styles_content via EM, clear your frontend caches and reload the page, the image is missing.

It looks like fluid_styled_content has a dependency to css_styled_content which must be removed.