TYPO3 Core

Example of TCA to reproduce the fields:

'family_climbing' => array(
    'exclude' => 0,
    'label' => 'Family Climbing',
    'l10n_mode' => 'exclude',
    'config' => array(
        'type' => 'radio',
        'items' => array(
            array('Yes', '0'),
            array('No', '1'),
            array('Unknown', '2'),
        ),
        'default' => 2,
    )
),

Only solution I see is to make an tiny of 4-7 pixels wide (the room of the red triangle) and position it in front of the title.

radio middle button overlay also happens in typo3 v4.5

Temporarily fixed (hack) within a custom extension:

ext_tables.php

// Register our custom CSS
$GLOBALS['TBE_STYLES']['skins'][$_EXTKEY]['stylesheetDirectories']['structure'] = 'EXT:' . $_EXTKEY . '/Resources/Public/Css/structure/';

Resources/Public/Css/Structure/main_content.css

/* Temporary hack for http://forge.typo3.org/issues/39558 */
.checkbox, .radio, .checkbox:hover {
    margin-left: 30px;
}

Yes, seems same issue. Christian Kuhn wrotes there: "Issue is not critical enough for 4.7 & 4.5, will not be merged there." The used solution there creepy. :-/